Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison
Wikelski M, Trillmich F (1997)
EVOLUTION 51(3): 922-936.
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Autor*in
Wikelski, M;
Trillmich, FritzUniBi ![](https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/images/icon_orcid.png)
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Einrichtung
Abstract / Bemerkung
Body size is often assumed to represent the outcome of conflicting selection pressures of natural and sexual selection. Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus) populations in the Galapagos exhibit 10-fold differences in body mass between island populations. There is also strong sexual size dimorphism, with males being about twice as heavy as females. To understand the evolutionary processes shaping body size in marine iguanas, we analyzed the selection differentials on body size in two island populations (max. male mass 900 g in Genovesa, 3500 g in Santa Fe). Factors that usually confound any evolutionary analysis of body sizes-predation, interspecific food competition, reproductive role division-are ruled out for marine iguanas. We show that, above hatchlings, mortality rates increased with body size in both sexes to the same extent. This effect was independent of individual age. The largest animals (males) of each island were the first to die once environmental conditions deteriorated (e.g., during El Ninos). This sex-biased mortality was the result of sexual size dimorphism, but at the same time caused sexual size dimorphism to fluctuate. Mortality differed between seasons (selection differentials as low as -1.4) and acted on different absolute body sizes between islands. Both males and females did not cease growth when an optimal body size for survival was reached, as demonstrated by the fact that individual adult body size phenotypically increased in each population under favorable environmental conditions beyond naturally selected limits. But why did marine iguanas grow ''too large'' for survival Due to lek mating, sexual selection constantly favored large body size in males (selection differentials up to +0.77). Females only need to reach a body size sufficient to produce surviving offspring. Thereafter, large body size of females was less favored by fertility selection than large size in males. Resulting from these different selection pressures on male and female size, sexual size dimorphism was mechanistically caused by the fact that females matured at an earlier age and size than males, whereafter they constantly allocated resources into eggs, which slowed growth. The observed allometric increase in sexual size dimorphism is explained by the fact that the difference between these selective processes becomes larger as energy abundance in the environment increases. Because body size is generally highly heritable, these selective processes are expected to lead to genetic differences in body size between islands. We propose a common-garden experiment to determine the influence of genetic factors and phenotypic reaction norms of final body size.
Stichworte
body size;
Galapagos;
growth;
mortality;
natural selection;
phenotypic plasticity;
sexual size dimorphism;
sexual selection;
allometry;
Amblyrhynchus cristatus
Erscheinungsjahr
1997
Zeitschriftentitel
EVOLUTION
Band
51
Ausgabe
3
Seite(n)
922-936
ISSN
0014-3820
Page URI
https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/record/1627812
Zitieren
Wikelski M, Trillmich F. Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison. EVOLUTION. 1997;51(3):922-936.
Wikelski, M., & Trillmich, F. (1997). Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison. EVOLUTION, 51(3), 922-936. https://doi.org/10.2307/2411166
Wikelski, M, and Trillmich, Fritz. 1997. “Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison”. EVOLUTION 51 (3): 922-936.
Wikelski, M., and Trillmich, F. (1997). Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison. EVOLUTION 51, 922-936.
Wikelski, M., & Trillmich, F., 1997. Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison. EVOLUTION, 51(3), p 922-936.
M. Wikelski and F. Trillmich, “Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison”, EVOLUTION, vol. 51, 1997, pp. 922-936.
Wikelski, M., Trillmich, F.: Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison. EVOLUTION. 51, 922-936 (1997).
Wikelski, M, and Trillmich, Fritz. “Body size and sexual size dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison”. EVOLUTION 51.3 (1997): 922-936.
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Laurie, J. Anim. Ecol. 59(), 1990
Population biology of marine iguanas (Amblyrhynchus cristatus). 3. Factors affecting survival.
Laurie, J. Anim. Ecol. 59(), 1990
Laurie, J. Anim. Ecol. 59(), 1990
Extra-large body size in California voles-causes and fitness consequences.
Lidicker, Oikos 61(), 1991
Lidicker, Oikos 61(), 1991
Seasonality, fasting endurance, and body size in mammals.
Lindstedt, Am. Nat. 125(), 1985
Lindstedt, Am. Nat. 125(), 1985
A RAPID, SEXUALLY SELECTED SHIFT IN MEAN BODY SIZE IN A POPULATION OF SNAKES.
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 46(4), 1992
PMID: 28564406
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 46(4), 1992
PMID: 28564406
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN BODY SIZES AND SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN EUROPEAN GRASS SNAKES.
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 47(1), 1993
PMID: 28568095
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 47(1), 1993
PMID: 28568095
Temporal variability in sexual selection acting on reproductive tactics and body size in male snakes.
Madsen T, Shine R., Am. Nat. 141(1), 1993
PMID: 19426025
Madsen T, Shine R., Am. Nat. 141(1), 1993
PMID: 19426025
COSTS OF REPRODUCTION INFLUENCE THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL SIZE DIMORPHISM IN SNAKES.
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 48(4), 1994
PMID: 28564481
Madsen T, Shine R., Evolution 48(4), 1994
PMID: 28564481
Sex and age dimorphism in the barn owl and a test of mate choice.
Marti, Auk 107(), 1990
Marti, Auk 107(), 1990
Trends in body-size evolution.
McKinney, 1990
McKinney, 1990
THE EVOLUTION OF SEXUAL DIMORPHISM BY SEXUAL SELECTION: THE SEPARATE EFFECTS OF INTRASEXUAL SELECTION AND INTERSEXUAL SELECTION.
Moore AJ., Evolution 44(2), 1990
PMID: 28564385
Moore AJ., Evolution 44(2), 1990
PMID: 28564385
Natural selection and the heritability of fitness components.
Mousseau TA, Roff DA., Heredity (Edinb) 59 ( Pt 2)(), 1987
PMID: 3316130
Mousseau TA, Roff DA., Heredity (Edinb) 59 ( Pt 2)(), 1987
PMID: 3316130
The evolution of reversed sexual dimorphism in size in monogamous species of birds.
Mueller, Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 65(), 1990
Mueller, Biol. Rev. Camb. Phil. Soc. 65(), 1990
Reciprocal transplant reveals sources of variation in growth-rates of the lizard Sceloporus undulatus.
Niewiarowski, Ecology 74(), 1993
Niewiarowski, Ecology 74(), 1993
Assessment strategy and the evolution of fighting behaviour.
Parker GA., J. Theor. Biol. 47(1), 1974
PMID: 4477626
Parker GA., J. Theor. Biol. 47(1), 1974
PMID: 4477626
Genetical processes in the Galapagos
PATTON JL., Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 21(1/2), 1984
PMID: IND44598153
PATTON JL., Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 21(1/2), 1984
PMID: IND44598153
Sexual selection, lek and arena behaviour, and sexual size dimorphism in birds.
Payne, Ornithol. Monogr. 33(), 1984
Payne, Ornithol. Monogr. 33(), 1984
Peters, 1983
Capture-recapture models allowing for age-dependent survival and capture rates.
Pollock, Biometrics 37(), 1981
Pollock, Biometrics 37(), 1981
BODY SIZE OF INSULAR LIZARDS: A PATTERN OF HOLOCENE DWARFISM.
Pregill G., Evolution 40(5), 1986
PMID: 28556230
Pregill G., Evolution 40(5), 1986
PMID: 28556230
SEXUAL SELECTION ON BODY SIZE, TERRITORY AND PLUMAGE VARIABLES IN A POPULATION OF DARWIN'S FINCHES.
Price TD., Evolution 38(2), 1984
PMID: 28555895
Price TD., Evolution 38(2), 1984
PMID: 28555895
Sexual size dimorphism and parental care patterns in a monomorphic and a dimorphic larid.
Quinn, Auk 107(), 1992
Quinn, Auk 107(), 1992
Reinventing the wheel -analysis of sexual dimorphism in body-size.
Ranta, Oikos 70(), 1994
Ranta, Oikos 70(), 1994
AUTHOR UNKNOWN, 0
Female habitat choice as a determinant of the reproductive success of the territorial male marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus).
Rauch, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16(), 1985
Rauch, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 16(), 1985
Competition of marine iguana females Amblyrhynchus cristatus for egg-laying sites.
Rauch, Behaviour 107(), 1988
Rauch, Behaviour 107(), 1988
Reiss, 1989
The evolution of behavioral phenotypes-lessons learned from divergent spider populations.
Riechert, Adv. Study Behav. 22(), 1993
Riechert, Adv. Study Behav. 22(), 1993
Scaling.
Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984
Schmidt-Nielsen, 1984
Population structure of black tiger snakes, Notechis ater niger, on offshore islands of South Australia.
Schwaner, 1985
Schwaner, 1985
Body size and sexual dimorphism in mainland and island tiger snakes.
Schwaner, J. Herpetol. 24(), 1990
Schwaner, J. Herpetol. 24(), 1990
Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual dimorphism: a review of the evidence.
Shine R., Q Rev Biol 64(4), 1989
PMID: 2697022
Shine R., Q Rev Biol 64(4), 1989
PMID: 2697022
Proximate determinants of sexual differences in adult body size.
Shine, Am. Nat. 135(), 1990
Shine, Am. Nat. 135(), 1990
Intersexual dietary divergence and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in snakes.
Shine, Am. Nat. 138(), 1991
Shine, Am. Nat. 138(), 1991
Allometric patterns in the ecology of Australian snakes.
Shine, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Shine, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Sexual size dimorphism in snakes revisited.
Shine, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Shine, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Variation in mating systems and sexual size dimorphism between populations of the Australian python Morelia spilota (Serpentes: Pythonidae).
Shine R, Fitzgerald M., Oecologia 103(4), 1995
PMID: 28306998
Shine R, Fitzgerald M., Oecologia 103(4), 1995
PMID: 28306998
Allometric engineering: an experimental test of the causes of interpopulational differences in performance.
Sinervo B, Huey RB., Science 248(4959), 1990
PMID: 17733374
Sinervo B, Huey RB., Science 248(4959), 1990
PMID: 17733374
Size of Galapagos land iguanas: episodic selection resolves a paradox.
Snell, Am. Zool. 27A(), 1987
Snell, Am. Zool. 27A(), 1987
Intrapopulation variation in predator-avoidance performance of Galápagos lava lizards: the interaction of sexual and natural selection.
Snell, Evol. Ecol. 2(), 1988
Snell, Evol. Ecol. 2(), 1988
SPSS, 1991
Estimating asymptotic size using the largest individuals per sample.
Stamps, Oecologia 62(), 1992
Stamps, Oecologia 62(), 1992
Analyses of sexual size dimorphism using null growth-based models.
Stamps, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Stamps, Copeia 1994(), 1994
Stearns, 1992
Growth-rate, timing of reproduction, and size dimorphism in the southwestern earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus scitulus).
Sugg, Southwest. Nat. 40(), 1995
Sugg, Southwest. Nat. 40(), 1995
Locomotor performance of hatchling fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis): quantative genetics and morphometric correlates.
Tsuji, Evol. Ecol. 3(), 1989
Tsuji, Evol. Ecol. 3(), 1989
The mating systems of pinnipeds and marine iguanas: convergent evolution of polygyny
TRILLMICH F, TRILLMICH KGK., Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 21(1/2), 1984
PMID: IND44598144
TRILLMICH F, TRILLMICH KGK., Biol. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. 21(1/2), 1984
PMID: IND44598144
The mating system of the Marine Iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus).
Trillmich, Z. Tierpsychol. 63(), 1983
Trillmich, Z. Tierpsychol. 63(), 1983
Foraging strategies of the marine iguana, Amblyrhynchus cristatus.
Trillmich, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18(), 1986
Trillmich, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 18(), 1986
Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel Island in the Siberian Arctic.
Vartanyan, Nature 362(), 1993
Vartanyan, Nature 362(), 1993
Sexual selection, natural selection, and body size in Gammarus pulex (Amphipoda).
Ward, Am. Nat. 131(), 1988
Ward, Am. Nat. 131(), 1988
Kinship recognition and grouping in hatchling green iguanas.
Werner, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21(), 1987
Werner, Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 21(), 1987
Temperature and the Galapagos marine iguana--insights into reptilian thermoregulation.
White FN., Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 45(2), 1973
PMID: 4145444
White FN., Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 45(2), 1973
PMID: 4145444
Pre-copulatory ejaculation solves time constraint during copulations in marine iguanas.
Wikelski, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 263(), 1996
Wikelski, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 263(), 1996
Is there an endogenous tidal foraging rhythm in marine iguanas?
Wikelski M, Hau M., J. Biol. Rhythms 10(4), 1995
PMID: 8639942
Wikelski M, Hau M., J. Biol. Rhythms 10(4), 1995
PMID: 8639942
Foraging strategies of the Galapagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus): adapting behavioral rules to ontogenetic size change.
Wikelski, Behaviour 128(), 1994
Wikelski, Behaviour 128(), 1994
Ontogenetic changes in food intake and digestion rate of the herbivorous marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus, Bell).
Wikelski M, Gall B, Trillmich F., Oecologia 94(3), 1993
PMID: 28313674
Wikelski M, Gall B, Trillmich F., Oecologia 94(3), 1993
PMID: 28313674
Lekking in marine iguanas: female grouping and male reproductive strategies.
Wikelski, Anim. Behav. 52(), 1996
Wikelski, Anim. Behav. 52(), 1996
AUTHOR UNKNOWN, 0
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